Inflation Accounting in the System of Modern Accounting

Inflation Accounting in the System of Modern Accounting Definition, major tasks and problems of inflation accounting Inflation accounting mostly deals with 2 principal issues. On one hand, it is a complex of financial reporting procedures, used for recording the results of inflation in this or that commercial structure, based on the axiom that the currency, referred to in accounting statements, is stable. These financial statements are prepared and published by the company at the end of the financial year. Since in quite a significant number of countries hyperinflation prevents from using this scheme, inflation accounting adjustments mostly depend on the purchasing power of the consumers. On the other hand, apart from just recording and observing inflation dependant problems, inflation accounting offers a range of arrangements, designed to solve the issues, arising from hyperinflation and its results. Historical background The beginning of inflation accounting goes back to the early 20th century, when accountants of the USA and UK for the first time started to observe and discuss the effects inflation produces on financial statements, and introduced the theory of index number and the notion of purchasing power. Further on, starting from the times of the Great Depression, in many countries the inflation accounting principles were used in financial reports to reflect the inflation in them. A great number of companies started to create and publish price-level adjusted statements, instead of cost-based financial statements, used earlier. In many countries the principles of inflation accounting are very popular nowadays.

Research Of Corporate Social Responsibility Report

Research of Corporate Social Responsibility Report The recent fifteen years saw a dramatic increase of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) report. There were more than 3300 CSR reports in 2008 while the number of 2002 was less than 100. More and more companies especially some multinational corporations among the world are keen to proving the sustainability, in order to improve their corporate image and credibility (Adams, 2002). This essay will explain why there are an increasing number of companies are willing to make CSR report annually, and discuss whether reporting on social and environmental activities is equal to good social and environmental performance in reality. The system-oriented theory provides a way to consider the†¦show more content†¦For example, the increase of environmental disclosure in recent 20 years can be understood as an attempt to make profits by responding to environmental groups (Gray et al.). In fact, the regulations are changing all the time, so the companies are required to respond to the society continually. The legitimacy is a condition that an entity s value is agreeing with the value of the social system where the entity is an element (Lindblom, 1993). Legitimacy is so important that the entity s survival can rely on it (Dowling and Pfeffer, 1975). Furthermore, it is what the society knows about the company shapes its legitimacy rather than the real conduct done by the company. The information disclosed is significant to establish corporate legitimacy. An entity may deviate significantly from the social standards but still remain legitimacy because the difference is unobserved (Suchman, 1995). Social contract is the base of legitimacy theory, which exists between the organization and the society. It represents the combination of many underlying and obvious expectations which the society has about how the entity is supposed to operate. Under this concept, the company s profit maximization can be achieved by proving multiple measures of organizational legitimacy (Ramanathan, 1976). Gray et al. (1995) did a review of UK CSR reports during 1979 to 1991, which shows that the focus and orientation of these disclosures are corresponding with the legitimacy

Comparitive Critique of Doris Lessings article Group...

Social influences shape every persons practices, judgments, and beliefs. (Asch 306) In Opinions and Social Pressure, Solomon Asch examines how individuals tend to conform to a group or majority. He does this by explaining the results of his experiment that he devised to observe to what extent conformity occurs. In her essay titled Group Minds, Doris Lessing claims that as a society we have enough knowledge about conformity to do something about it, yet we choose not to. Although Doris Lessing and Solomon Asch both suggest that people desire independence yet yield to conformity, Aschs experiment adds specificity to Lessings claims. Lessing speaks generally about groups and the effect they have on conformity, whereas Aschs experiment†¦show more content†¦These two quotes by Lessing and Asch tie together to illustrate how powerful a group can be and how significantly a group can affect an individuals psyche. We give in to pressure from external forces such as authority or our p eers. According to Lessing there is nothing wrong with belonging to a group, the problem arises when we do not comprehend the social principles that control groups and control us. It is apparent that groups are a significant part of our society. Does it matter how we came to be in a group? In Lessings article, she appears to lump all groups together, whereas Asch conducts his experiments using different variables in order to study the effect of different group situations. Lessing could have better addressed the different types of groups that exist instead of amalgamating them all together. She spoke generally of groups and pressures to conform instead of going more in depth. She says The fact is that we all live our lives in groups---the family, work groups, social, religious, and political groups (Lessing 333). She mentions specific groups such as family and political groups, but she could have added more specificity to the topics by examining each one and the effects they have the individual. Asch examines different group situations by setting up variations on his experiment. For example, he added a partner to the experiment that

Minority Mental Illness Essay Example For Students

Minority Mental Illness Essay Mental health is essential to overall health as well as efficiency. It is the foundation for thriving contributions to family, district, and culture. All through the lifespan, mental health is the source of thoughts and communication skills, knowledge, pliability, and self-esteem. It is all too easy to dismiss the worth of mental health until troubles emerges (Brager, G. Holloway, S. , 1978). Mental health troubles and illnesses are factual and disabling conditions that are experienced by one in five Americans. Those who do not get treatment, mental illnesses can consequence in disability and desolation for families, schools, societies, and the workplace. The mainly important aspect of minorities health and wellness is the one that gets the slightest concentration mental health. Many minorities have to contract with numerous stressful issues at once (Hagedorn, 1977). For instance, current immigrants have to settle in to a new country, learn a new language, look for a good and secure job, afford proper residence for their family, and may also miss their relatives, and friends in their motherland of origin. Further, young minorities have to compact with finding their own ethnic uniqueness and how they fit into their specific racial community. Moreover, all minority communities frequently have to compact with the gloomy and often agonizing realities of what it means to be minority community and a person of color in American society and the chauvinism, inequity, and racism that on occasion goes along with it. Cultural and social features contribute to the causation of mental illness, yet that involvement varies by disorder. Though, Cultures diverge with esteem to the significance they instruct to mental illness, their approach of making sense of the prejudiced experience of illness and distress (Hagedorn, 1977). The implication of an illness refers to entrenched outlooks and beliefs a culture holds concerning whether an illness is actual or probable, whether it is of the body or the mind, whether it deserves understanding, how much disgrace surrounds it, what might ground it, and what kind of person might yield to it. Cultural significance of mental illness have real consequences in terms of whether people are aggravated to look for treatment, how they deal with their indications, how helpful their relatives and communities are, where they search for aid, the trail they take to get services, and how well they charge in healing. The consequences can be severe extreme distress, disability, and probably, suicide when people by means of severe mental illness do not obtain suitable treatment. Native people are recognized to be at augmented risk for scarcity, with distinctive unemployment rates on suspicions being about 32%. They are the most poor of the racial or ethnic groups outside of an explicit and small subpopulation of Asian settlers, the Hmong. American Indians are at amplified risk for troubles of ill treatment and reliance, having an alcoholism death rate in 1992 that was 6.1 times the rate for the whole U.S population (Hagedorn, 1977). ). Disasters, suicides, and murders, often linked with drinking or drug use, are extremely present among Native Americans. Obviously, Native peoples are inhabitants at risk for numerous troubles. Mental illness is measured the product of a complicated interaction among organic, mental, social, and cultural factors. The function of any one of these main factors can be stronger or weaker depending on the disorder. As lots of sociologists and psychologists have pointed out, dealing by so many demanding events in your life can obtain a fee on a persons mental well-being. When there are lots of variables and not numerous constants, it can be hard to suffer stranded and peaceful life. When these bases of stress turn out to be devastating, the consequence can be sadness, seclusion, displaced anger, and even more severe mental illnesses. (Hasenfeld, 1983). Together with social scientists, social workers as well as other care-giving workers will tell you that these feelings can then show the way someone to keep in behaviors that can critically injure their health and make matters even inferior. For instance, when somebody becomes depressed and perplexed, it is simple for him or her to endeavor to find relieve, indulgent, reception, or impermanent escape in the structure of starting smoking, taking drugs, appealing in unsafe sex, or physically ill-treatment .